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Dermatological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis

European Journal of Dermatology. Volume 14, Number 5, 296-309, September-October 2004, Review article

Summary

Author(s) : Robert R. MÜLLEGGER , Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, A-8036 Graz, Austria., R. Müllegger. Fax: (+43) 316 385 2466. E-mail: robert.muellegger@meduni-graz.at.

Summary : Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem infectious disease caused by the tick-transmitted spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. About 80% of all Lyme borreliosis cases represent skin manifestations (dermatoborrelioses). The three characteristic dermatoborrelioses are erythema migrans, borrelial lymphocytoma, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, which occur in different stages of the disease. Erythema migrans is the hallmark of early Lyme borreliosis, whereas acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is the characteristic manifestation of late Lyme borreliosis. Several spirochetal factors (e.g. infection with different genospecies, co-infection with other tick-transmitted pathogens) as well as host factors (e.g. cytokine patterns at the site of infection) influence the course of the disease. Diagnosis in the early stage of Lyme borreliosis relies on the clinical picture, whereas serological, molecular, microbiological, and histopathological findings are important adjuncts in the diagnosis of later stages of the infection. Antibiotic treatment is necessary for all stages and manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice for most patients with dermatoborrelioses.

Keywords : acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, Borrelia burgdorferi, borrelial lymphocytoma, erythema migrans, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Lyme borreliosis

Pictures

Figure 1 Solitary annular type of erythema migrans.

Figure 2 Solitary macular type of erythema migrans.

Figure 3 Erythema migrans with multiple lesions.

Figure 4 Borrelial lymphocytoma on the earlobe.

Figure 5 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans; acute stage.

Figure 6 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans; chronic stage.

Figure 7 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with fibrous nodule.